Bioeconomic Evaluation of Government Agricultural Programs on Wetlands Conversion
用最优控制模型研究加拿大坑洼地区政府农业支持项目对湿地转化的影响，发现现有补贴政策导致湿地减少，而栖息地保护项目补偿不足，政策方向有误。
An optimal control model is used to investigate the effect of government agricultural support programs on wetlands conversion in Canada's pothole region. Under existing grain programs, about 19 percent of land is left in an unimproved state conducive for waterfowl habitat; in the absence of government subsidies, 43 percent of agricultural land is left unimproved. The shadow values of marginal land are estimated to be $50-$60/acre. Given that habitat preservation programs pay farmers no more than $30/acre to maintain waterfowl habitat, and since Canadian programs have no conservation compliance provisions, it appears that current policy is misguided.