Racism, Xenophobia, and Redistribution
通过两维政策空间的政治竞争模型，分析种族或反移民偏好如何影响再分配政策的均衡水平，发现美国因种族主义导致再分配显著低于无种族主义情形，英国、法国和丹麦也有类似但程度不同的影响。
We model political competition as a contest between parties that represent constituents, and which announce policies in a two-dimensional policy space; the first dimension concerns the degree of redistribution, and the second, the race or immigration issue. Given the distribution of voter preferences on this space, a political equilibrium is determined. We study the effect that racist or anti-immigrant preferences in the polity have on equilibrium values of the redistributive policy. For the United States, there is a substantial reduction in distribution below what it counterfactually would have been, absent racism. For the UK, France, and Denmark, there are effects of the same sign, but with different magnitudes.