Close monitoring as a contextual stimulator: How need for structure affects the relation between close monitoring and work outcomes
研究发现，员工对结构的需求（PNS）调节了近距离监控对工作满意度、内在动机和创新绩效的影响：低PNS员工对监控反应消极，高PNS员工则反应积极，原因分别在于感知自主性降低和角色清晰度提升。
In this article, we argue and demonstrate that employees' Personal Need for Structure (PNS) moderates the negative effects of close monitoring on job satisfaction, intrinsic work motivation, and innovative job performance (as rated by their supervisors). In a field study (N=295), we found that employees low in PNS reacted unfavourably to close monitoring, whereas employees high in PNS reacted more favourably to close monitoring. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the negative effect of close monitoring on job satisfaction and intrinsic work motivation among low PNS employees can be explained by a reduction of perceived autonomy. In contrast, the positive effects of close monitoring on these favourable outcomes among high PNS employees were associated with increased role clarity.