Quitters Never Win: The (Adverse) Incentive Effects of Competing with Superstars
利用职业高尔夫球赛的面板数据，研究发现超级明星（如老虎伍兹）的参与会导致其他选手首轮成绩平均差约0.2杆，整体赛事影响达0.8杆，且该负面效应随超级明星表现质量变化，并非由媒体关注或冒险策略导致。
Internal competition may motivate worker effort, yet the benefits of competition may depend critically on workers' relative abilities: large skill differences may reduce efforts. I use panel data from professional golf tournaments and find that the presence of a superstar is associated with lower performance. On average, golfers' first-round scores are approximately 0.2 strokes worse when Tiger Woods participates relative to when Woods is absent. The overall tournament effect is 0.8 strokes. The adverse superstar effect varies with the quality of Woods's play. There is no evidence that reduced performance is attributable to media attention intensity or risky strategy adoption.