Strategies for environmental control: A comparison between regulation and centralized control in Germany and reforms leading to decentralized control in Sweden
提出分析控制实施结构与过程的理论框架，比较德国针对可测量点源排放的立法控制与瑞典针对难测量扩散排放的分散化改革，解释两种策略差异及瑞典从集中规制转向分散控制的趋势。
A theoretical framework for analysing control implementation structures and processes is discussed. The framework is applied to a comparative study of a control strategy implemented in Germany and one implemented in Sweden. The differences between these control strategies are explained. In Germany, legislation was used to combat single-source, measurable emissions. Environmental problems that are identifiable and measurable lend themselves to such detailed legislation. However, this is not the case with newly defined environmental problems such as diffuse emissions. Thus, in Sweden, openly formulated directives were used to combat diffuse, hard-to-measure emissions. This illustrates the recent tendency in Swedish environmental control, which is a change from centralized control through regulation to decentralization of environmental control through reforms. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.