Constructive Partnerships: When Alliances between Private Firms and Public Actors can Enable Creative Strategies
基于交易成本经济学和外部性理论，提出当经济机会的实现需要行业特定能力、产生显著正外部性、面临高不确定性且治理成本高时，公私伙伴关系是必要的。
Drawing on transaction cost economics and externalities theory, we argue that private-public partnerships will be necessary when economic opportunity realization (1) calls for industry-specific competencies but entails significant positive externalities (i.e., implies specialized private actions with significant public benefits), (2) is shrouded by high uncertainty for the private actors, and (3) necessitates for private actors high governance costs for contracting, coordinating, and enforcing. Thus, specialized resources, positive externalities, uncertainty, and governance costs are all jointly implicated in our theory.