An Experimental Study of Performance Information Systems
在实验室中给小组施加四种绩效信息系统（速度、最少消息、最少错误、投票），发现系统虽能引导小组达到绩效标准，但也引发其他未预期的过程，且未能明确提升整体绩效。
Performance information systems minimally consist of a performance standard, performance measurement, incentives to match performance to the standard, and periodic reports on performance. In this study four performance information systems are imposed on laboratory groups solving simple routine problems. These included speed, minimum messages, minimum error, and voting. There was a control condition with no explicit, performance information system. In aggregate, the groups tried to meet the assigned standard of performance. The performance information systems also set into motion other group processes resulting in numerous sensible but unanticipated consequences. It was not possible to conclude that the explicit performance information systems improved overall performance. The choice of performance information system did affect the task processes, the choice of structure, and the involvement in task supporting processes. The variability of behavior within each group suggests caution in widespread application of performance information systems.