Suspense and Surprise
从人们从非工具性信息中获得娱乐效用的角度出发，定义了悬念和惊喜，并分析了如何随时间最优地揭示信息以最大化观众体验到的悬念或惊喜，应用于小说、政治初选、赌场等场景。
We model demand for noninstrumental information, drawing on the idea that people derive entertainment utility from suspense and surprise. A period has more suspense if the variance of the next period's beliefs is greater. A period has more surprise if the current belief is further from the last period's belief. Under these definitions, we analyze the optimal way to reveal information over time so as to maximize expected suspense or surprise experienced by a Bayesian audience. We apply our results to the design of mystery novels, political primaries, casinos, game shows, auctions, and sports.