The Order of Professionalization
利用美国医学领域的地方、州和国家事件数据，分析了专业化发生的顺序，发现控制、实践知识、主导工作场所和科学转型在不同层面依次出现，为理解职业化过程提供了多层级扩散模型。
Using data on local, state, and national events in American medicine, this article analyzes the order in which professionalization occurs. A variety of basic “events” in professionalization are investigated: control of work, development of schools and other knowledge institutions, creation of professionally dominated work sites, association, licensing, and scientific transformation. At the local level, the sequence of professionalization seems to be control, practical knowledge, dominated work sites, and scientific transformation, with association coming approximately contemporaneous with practical knowledge. At the state level, control and association begin the process, in that order, with efforts proceeding both at the state level and in a state's major city. Widespread local activity in control and association come only later. Practical knowledge, controlled work sites, and various forms of “tangential” knowledge follow these earlier events. The article argues for a model of professionalization as a multilevel, diffusion process.