The Combination of Gravity and Welfare Approaches for Evaluating Nontariff Measures
研究如何结合引力方程与局部均衡模型评估非关税措施的福利影响，并以美欧日加对甲壳类动物抗生素残留标准为例，发现更严格标准通常提升国内外福利。
Abstract This article explores the link between gravity and welfare frameworks for measuring the impact of nontariff measures. First, an analytical approach suggests how to combine a gravity equation with a partial equilibrium model to determine the welfare impact of nontariff measures. Second, an empirical application focuses on the effects of a standard that caps antibiotic residues in crustaceans in the United States, the European Union, Canada, and Japan. While the econometric estimation of the gravity equation reports a negative impact on imports, welfare evaluations show that in most cases, a stricter standard leads to an increase in both domestic and international welfare.