Postcommunist Oligarchs in Russia: Quantitative Analysis
研究了296位俄罗斯首批后共产主义商业大亨的职业生涯，发现43%是来自前政权特权背景的内部寡头，其余外部寡头更年轻、教育程度更高且多为犹太人，但多数后来与政府建立了特殊关系。
The transition in Russia has not been a revolutionary jump to a market economy and democracy but an incremental process that has so far resulted in a hybrid system aptly called “oligarchic capitalism.” I study the evolution of the first postcommunist oligarchy by examining the careers of the 296 most prominent first‐wave postcommunist business tycoons. Forty‐three percent of them were insider oligarchs deriving their status from a privileged nomenklatura background dating back to the previous regime. The rest were outsider oligarchs with no such background. Compared with insider oligarchs, outsider oligarchs were younger, better educated, and disproportionately Jewish. Their initial business successes tended to happen in sectors neglected in the planned economy, but the overwhelming majority of them subsequently developed their own special relationship with the government. It appears that instead of changing the rules of the socioeconomic game, the new entrants were themselves changed by those rules.