The Three Faces of Bounded Reliability: Alfred Chandler and the Micro-Foundations of Management Theory
基于钱德勒的历史叙事，识别出有限可靠性的三种面孔——机会主义、善意偏好逆转和身份认同不一致，作为承诺失败的主要驱动因素，并主张将其作为管理研究的微观基础以提升实践相关性。
Alfred Chandler, the celebrated business historian, provided detailed descriptions of the reasons for failed human commitments and the managerial tools needed to prevent/remediate such failings in the context of large business firms. Chandler's historical narrative identifies three distinct “faces” of bounded reliability—opportunism, benevolent preference reversal, and identity-based discordance—as the main drivers of commitment failure. Adopting bounded reliability (BRel) as a micro-foundation in management studies will raise the quality and relevance of scholarly recommendations to improve managerial decision making and action, because analysis of BRel challenges closely mirrors the real-world problems facing practicing managers.