Fast Hamiltonian Monte Carlo Using GPU Computing
将哈密顿蒙特卡洛（HMC）算法中计算密集的部分转化为线性或逐元素操作，使其适合GPU并行计算，从而大幅提升采样速度，使大规模贝叶斯分析变得可行。
In recent years, the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithm has been found to work more efficiently compared to other popular Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods (such as random walk Metropolis–Hastings) in generating samples from a high-dimensional probability distribution. HMC has proven more efficient in terms of mixing rates and effective sample size than previous MCMC techniques, but still may not be sufficiently fast for particularly large problems. The use of GPUs promises to push HMC even further greatly increasing the utility of the algorithm. By expressing the computationally intensive portions of HMC (the evaluations of the probability kernel and its gradient) in terms of linear or element-wise operations, HMC can be made highly amenable to the use of graphics processing units (GPUs). A multinomial regression example demonstrates the promise of GPU-based HMC sampling. Using GPU-based memory objects to perform the entire HMC simulation, most of the latency penalties associated with transferring data from main to GPU memory can be avoided. Thus, the proposed computational framework may appear conceptually very simple, but has the potential to be applied to a wide class of hierarchical models relying on HMC sampling. Models whose posterior density and corresponding gradients can be reduced to linear or element-wise operations are amenable to significant speed ups through the use of GPUs. Analyses of datasets that were previously intractable for fully Bayesian approaches due to the prohibitively high computational cost are now feasible using the proposed framework.