How Business Community Institutions Can Help Fight Corruption
类比经济史中的合同执行机构，提出商业社区可通过建立不贿赂规范、检测系统和多边排斥惩罚来辅助国家法律打击腐败，并分析了机构质量对效果的影响。
Collective action by the business community to counter corruption in the award of government licenses and contracts is analyzed, by analogy with contract enforcement institutions studied by economic historians and contract law scholars. The suggested anti-corruption institution comprises a no-bribery norm, a system to detect violations, and a multilateral ostracism penalty upon conviction in a tribunal. In combination with formal state law, a business institution of sufficient quality-probability of detection and severity of punishment-can eliminate corruption; a less good institution helps reduce it. The legal and communal institutions together achieve substantially better outcomes than either by itself.