Father Presence and the Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment
利用挪威行政数据，通过父亲死亡导致的兄弟姐妹间父亲接触时长差异，发现父亲陪伴时间越长，父子教育关联越强、母子关联越弱，且对男孩影响更大，支持社会化机制。
We use administrative data from Norway to analyze how fathers’ presence affects the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment. Our empirical strategy exploits within family variation in father exposure that occurs across siblings in the event of father death. We find that longer paternal exposure amplifies the father-child association in education and attenuates the mother-child association. These changes in the intergenerational transmission process are economically significant, and stronger for boys than for girls. We find no evidence these effects operate through changes in family economic resources or maternal labor supply. is lends support for parental socialization as the likely mechanism.