Returns to scale and curvature in the presence of spillovers: evidence from European countries
将规模报酬和要素边际生产率递减这两个经典生产特征扩展到空间情形，定义了直接、间接和总规模报酬，并利用欧洲国家1990-2011年的面板数据检验了空间生产函数的凹凸性。
Drawing on a recent development on the interpretation of spatial econometric models, we extend two classic characteristics of production (returns to scale and diminishing marginal productivity of factor inputs) to the spatial case. In the context of a spatial translog production function we define internal (i.e., direct), external (i.e., indirect), and total (direct plus indirect) returns to scale. The spatial production function gives rise to direct, indirect, and total productions functions so we set out empirical checks to establish if these functions are concave. The ideas of spatial returns to scale and spatial concavity/convexity can easily be applied to other technologies (e.g., cost and distance functions) and other functional forms (e.g., Cobb-Douglas). We apply these ideas to aggregate production of European countries using balanced panel data for the period 1990–2011.