Identity-Based Policies and Identity Manipulation: Evidence from Colonial Punjab
研究了基于种姓的土地法案如何引发身份操纵行为，估计20年内7.5%的受激励人口改变了身份，导致3.9%至8.2%的土地分配出现错位。
I study identity-marker based policies and demonstrate the existence of identity manipulation. I analyze the impact of the Punjab Alienation of Land Act (1901), a caste-based legislation, on identity manipulation. Using data from the colonial census, I show that a movement of identity manipulation took place in response to the law. I estimate that in 20 years, 7.5 percent of the population that had an incentive to do so manipulated its identity. I then use an accounting exercise to estimate that the amount of mistargeting caused by this manipulation is between 3.9 percent and 8.2 percent of the land distributed.