How Will the Japanese Compete in Retail Services?
研究调查了在加利福尼亚州运营的八家日本零售企业，发现它们并未将在日本实现的高水平个人服务引入美国，因为认为当地劳动力和环境使实施不可行且不具成本效益，其竞争方式与美国企业类似。
California, where many Japanese firms operate in the retail service sector, provides a laboratory to examine the extent to which the high levels of personal service that are routinely achieved in Japan have been exported to the United States. The eight Japanese firms examined in this study have not implemented the Japanese approach to service in the U.S. because they believe that the nature of the workforce and environment make its implementation infeasible and because they do not believe it to be cost effective. Rather, the Japanese compete very much like U. S. firms with respect to personal service.