Gender Differences in Cooperation and Competition
通过三个公共物品实验，发现男性在群体间竞争时合作意愿增强，而女性合作行为不受群体间竞争影响，表明男性对群体间威胁更敏感。
Evolutionary scientists argue that human cooperation is the product of a long history of competition among rival groups. There are various reasons to believe that this logic applies particularly to men. In three experiments, using a step-level public-goods task, we found that men contributed more to their group if their group was competing with other groups than if there was no intergroup competition. Female cooperation was relatively unaffected by intergroup competition. These findings suggest that men respond more strongly than women to intergroup threats. We speculate about the evolutionary origins of this gender difference and note some implications.