The Effect of the Formulary Apportionment System on State-Level Economic Development and Multijurisdictional Tax Planning
研究了公式分配制度对州级经济发展的影响，发现公司税率而非分配公式可能驱动制造业就业增长，且回拨规则和销售因子加权趋势对吸引经济发展作用不显著。
This paper examines the effect of the formulary apportionment system on state-level economic development. All three apportionment factors, when combined with the corporate tax rate employed by each state, are shown to have a significant negative association with the percentage change in manufacturing employment. However, further analysis suggests that the corporate tax rate, and not the apportionment formula, may be driving employment growth. Also, the findings do not support the importance of the throwback rule or the recent trend to overweight the sales factor in attracting economic development to a state.