Outmigration and the Depressed Area Problemt
研究了二战后西方国家萧条地区（如高失业或就业不足的农村）的特征、成因及两种解决路径：鼓励新经济活动（将工作带给工人）或通过工人向外迁移实现市场调整。
T HE POST-WAR EMERGENCE Of full-employment and the attendant rise in prosperity levels in most Western countries have highlighted the existence of the less fortunate regions, the so-called depressed areas. These depressed areas are characterized by persistently high rates of unemployment or, in the case of many rural depressed areas, high rates of underemployment. Furthermore, such areas commonly possess, in varying degrees, one or more of the following characteristics: a narrow range of economic activities, declining basic industries, unskilled or unadaptable labor-forces and decayed or inefficient infrastructures. Depressed areas owe their origins generally to downward structural and/or cyclical trends in the national economy as well as to problems associated with their location vis-a-vis centers of population and growth areas within the country concerned. In the absence of any public policy it can be expected that, with increasing national economic development, the condition of depressed areas will become relatively worse, according to various criteria which may be applied: growth rates, per capita income, unemployment differentials. The founders of the European Economic Community recognized this tendency and tried to make provision for it through various supra-national agencies, among them the European Social Fund. Given this trend toward polarization in levels of economic development between areas, two broad approaches to the solution of the problems of the depressed area are possible. The first involves the encouragement of new economic activity, i.e., the policy of bringing work to the workers. The second approach, which can be described as a market adjustment, involves the movement of workers out