Universal Child Care and Long-Term Effects on Child Well-Being: Evidence from Canada
研究加拿大魁北克省每天5加元的全民托儿政策对儿童和青少年健康、行为、运动及社交发展的长期影响，发现学龄前儿童的负面效应在多数方面持续存在，但进入学龄后仅情绪障碍和焦虑仍有影响，且程度减弱；对12-19岁青少年则无持续效应。
We evaluate the long-term effects of the Canadian province of Quebec’s $5 per day universal child care policy on child and youth well-being (health, behavior, motor and social development). Treated children are followed for more than 19 years. Estimates based on a nonexperimental evaluation framework show that the negative effects on preschoolers documented in previous studies persist over time for most outcomes. Once children enter school, only the impact on emotional disorder and anxiety persists, but the magnitude is smaller than for preschool children. For teens aged 12–19 years old, our estimates do not suggest that the effects persist.