Appropriation and Efficiency: A Revision of the First Theorem of Welfare Economics
修正福利经济学第一定理，引入个体定价与市场创造能力，强调完全占有和非互补性对市场效率的关键作用，并指出货币外部性是市场失灵的重要来源。
The first theorem of welfare economics rests on the assumption that individuals have neither price-making nor market-making capacities. The authors offer a revision in which individuals have such capacities. The revision emphasizes two keys for market efficiency: the need to align private rewards with social contributions--called full appropriation--and the need for an assumption to counter the possibility of coordination failures in the choice of produced commodities--called noncomplementarity. The authors also emphasize that information about prices of unmarketed commodities involves decentralized knowledge available only to product innovators and that pecuniary externalities are important potential sources of market failure. Copyright 1995 by American Economic Association.