Off‐Shoring, Specialization and R&D
研究了离岸外包是否通过资源重新配置或刺激研发促进技术专业化，发现材料离岸外包通过行业间投入重新配置推动高技术专业化，而服务离岸外包通过提升行业内生产率（主要靠研发）促进技术先进生产，但核心生产任务碎片化（窄离岸外包）对技术专业化有负面影响。
This paper investigates whether off‐shoring promotes technological specialization by reallocating resources towards high‐tech industries and/or stimulating within industry R&D. Using data for the USA, Japan and Europe, our results show that material off‐shoring promotes high‐tech specialization through input reallocation between sectors, while service off‐shoring favors technologically advanced production by increasing within‐industry productivity, mainly via its positive impact on R&D. Conversely, we find that the increasing fragmentation of core production tasks, captured by narrow off‐shoring, has adverse effects on technological specialisation, which suggests that this type of off‐shoring is mainly pursued for cost‐reduction motives.