Confronting three revolutions: Western European consumer co-operatives and their divergent development, 1950–2008
分析了1950至2008年间西欧消费者合作社的分化发展，通过挪威、德国和英国的案例，探讨它们如何应对超市革命、连锁店革命和消费者革命，解释市场占有率与会员数的成败差异。
This article analyses the divergent development of Western European consumer co-operatives in the period from 1950 to 2008. It asks how some consumer co-ops throughout the post-war years managed to defend and even strengthen their market share and increase their membership while others saw both market shares and membership decline or evaporate. To analyse this question the paper offers a comparative analysis of three selected consumer co-ops; one case where consumer co-ops developed positively (Norway), one case showing consumer co-operative collapse (Germany) and one case where there has been quite substantial decline but no collapse (United Kingdom). The overall argument propounded is that thesuccess or decline of these co-ops was intimately linked to how they confronted three parallel transformations in the post-war food retail market: the ‘supermarket revolution’, the ‘chain store revolution’ and the ‘consumer revolution’. The divergent ability to confront these challenges was related both to external and internal factors.