Stability of symptom patterns in Australian Gulf War veterans: 10-year longitudinal study: Table 1
本研究追踪澳大利亚海湾战争退伍军人10年，发现其症状模式（精神生理、躯体、关节神经肌肉困扰）保持稳定，但精神生理困扰症状随时间增加，且退伍军人症状水平始终高于对照组。
OBJECTIVES: Previously we established that symptoms reported by 1990-1991 Gulf War veterans were correlated and exhibited a pattern with 3 factors (psychophysiological distress, somatic distress and arthroneuromuscular distress), and this pattern was similar to that observed in a military comparison group. In this follow-up study, we examined whether the patterns of symptomatology have changed over time. METHODS: Using data on 56 symptoms that was collected in 2000-2003 (wave 1) and 2011-2012 (wave 2) from an Australian cohort of Gulf War veterans (veterans) and a military comparison group, exploratory factor analysis was conducted and Tucker's Congruence Coefficient (TCC) was used to determine factor structure similarity across study groups and waves. RESULTS: The results showed that the 3 factors observed at wave 1 were still present at wave 2, and factor structures across study groups and study waves were fairly similar, with TCC ranging 0.86-0.92. Veterans consistently reported more symptoms across all 3 factors. Veterans' symptomatology specific to psychophysiological distress increased between waves 1 and 2 (ratio of means 1.15; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.25) but psychophysiological distress symptomatology was constant in the comparison group (ratio of means 0.97; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.06). Somatic and arthroneuromuscular distress symptomatology significantly increased over time for both study groups, although at a similar rate. CONCLUSIONS: While the symptom groupings (measured by the 3 factors) remained unchanged at 10 years of follow-up, and remained comparable between Gulf War and comparison group, symptomatology continued to be elevated in Gulf War veterans than in the comparison group, and was most evident for psychophysiological distress.