Transactions/List Pricing
解释了下游企业投资关系专用资本后，上游垄断企业为何会事先设定一个最高标价并在成本低时打折，从而为交易/标价定价这种常见的企业间交易模式提供了理论依据。
Suppose that a representative downstream firm must buy relationship-specific capital before an upstream monopolist is privately informed of its unit costs. We show that the upstream firm will write a contract before the downstream firm invests, specifying a maximum (list) price which may be discounted when costs are low. This model therefore rationalizes transactions/list pricing: a prevalent mode of inter-firm trading. We use our results to explain Stigler and Kindahl's findings on medium-term price dynamics.