The Origins of Inequality: Insiders, Outsiders, Elites, and Commoners
研究从狩猎采集到农业社会转型中，生产力增长如何通过圈占优质土地导致内部人与外部人之间的不平等，进而产生世袭精英与平民阶级，并用考古证据验证模型预测。
Hereditary economic inequality is unknown among mobile foragers, but hereditary class distinctions between elites and commoners exist in some sedentary foraging societies. With agriculture, such stratification tends to become more pronounced. We develop a model to explain the associations among productivity, population, property rights, and inequality. Using Malthusian dynamics, we show that regional productivity growth leads to enclosure of the best sites first, creating inequality between insiders and outsiders. Hereditary elite and commoner classes subsequently arise at the best sites. Food consumption becomes more unequal and commoners become poorer. These predictions are consistent with a wide range of archaeological evidence.