Resilient Provision of Ecosystem Services from Agricultural Landscapes: Trade‐offs Involving Means and Variances of Water Quality Improvements
研究了农业景观中减少养分负荷的韧性水平与成本之间的权衡，发现主要权衡在于保护投资成本与生态系统服务目标之间，而非均值-方差或不同养分目标之间。
Abstract We assess the trade‐offs and synergies involved in reducing agriculture‐generated nutrient loads with different levels of resilience. We optimize the selection of least‐cost patterns of agricultural conservation practices for both the expected performance of the conservation actions and its variance. Securing nutrient loads with a higher level of resilience is costly, with marginal costs of resilience generally declining with lower loads. We find that the main trade‐off dimension is between cost of conservation investments and ecosystem service objectives, as opposed to pronounced mean‐variance or between‐nutrient objectives trade‐offs. We find relative synergies in agricultural conservation investments aimed at nutrient reductions.