Does Grief Transfer across Generations? Bereavements during Pregnancy and Child Outcomes
利用挪威人口数据，研究孕期母亲经历父母去世带来的压力对婴儿短期和长期结局的影响，发现对出生结局有微小负面影响，但对成年后教育及劳动力市场表现无显著不良后果。
Using population data from Norway, we examine the effects of stress induced by the death of the mother's parent during pregnancy on both the short-run and the long-run outcomes of the infant. Using a variety of empirical strategies to address the issue of nonrandom exposure to death during a pregnancy, we find small negative effects on birth outcomes. However, we find no evidence of adverse effects on adult outcomes. This suggests that, though there may be measurable effects on birth outcomes, acute psychological stressors during pregnancy have limited adverse consequences for the child's success in education and the labor market.