Firm entry and institutional lock-in: an organizational ecology analysis of the global fashion design industry
研究了全球时装设计行业在城市层面的企业进入率，发现合法化过程是地方性的而竞争是全球性的，并用组织生态学模型解释了巴黎战后衰落源于制度锁定。
Few industries are more concentrated geographically than the global fashion\ndesign industry. We analyze the geography and evolution of the fashion design\nindustry by looking at the yearly entry rates at the city level. In contrast to other industry studies, we find that legitimation processes operate locally and competition processes globally. This result points to the rapid turnover of ideas in the fashion design industry on the one hand and the global demand for fashion apparel on the other hand. We attribute the decline of Paris in the post-war period to "institutional lock-in," which prevented a ready-to-wear cluster to emerge despite the presence of the haute couture cluster. An extended organizational ecology model provides empirical support for this claim.