Closing coal: economic and moral incentives
主张通过直接关闭全球煤矿来实施气候政策，因为煤炭排放强度高、租金低、环境成本大，且供应侧政策比需求或价格管理更少泄漏，能动员集体行动。
Climate policy requires that much of the world's reserves of fossil fuels remain unburned. This paper makes the case for implementing this directly through policy to close the global coal industry. Coal is singled out because of its high emissions intensity, low rents per unit value, local environmental costs and sheer scale. Direct supply policy -the sequenced closure of coal mines -may lead to less policy leakage (across countries and time) than other policies based on demand or price management. It also has the advantage of involving relatively few players and leading to clear-cut and observable outcomes. Appropriately sequenced closure of the world coal industry could, we suggest, create the moral force needed to mobilize collective international action.