Innovation and Trade with Endogenous Market Failure: The Case of Genetically Modified Products
构建一个两国局部均衡模型，分析转基因产品引入的影响。模型考虑创新者产权、农民采用、消费者认为转基因食品质量较低以及转基因作物增加非转基因食品成本等因素，发现转基因创新虽可能提升效率，但某些群体可能受损，甚至成本可能超过效率收益。
A partial‐equilibrium, two‐country model is developed to analyze implications from the introduction of genetically modified (GM) products. In the model, innovators hold proprietary rights, farmers are (competitive) adopters, some consumers deem GM food to be inferior in quality to traditional food, and the mere introduction of GM crops affects the costs of non‐GM food (because of costly identity preservation). Among the results derived, it is shown that, although GM innovations have the potential to improve efficiency, some groups can be made worse off. Indeed, it is even possible that the costs induced by GM innovations outweigh the efficiency gains.