Contracts and cooperation: the relative failure of the Irish dairy industry in the late nineteenth century reconsidered
比较19世纪末爱尔兰与丹麦合作乳品厂的组织形式，发现合同执行不力是爱尔兰乳业相对衰落的关键原因，对研究制度与产业发展的学者有参考价值。
Why did the establishment of cooperative creameries in late nineteenth-century Ireland fail to halt the relative decline of her dairy industry compared with other emerging producers? This paper compares the Irish experience with that of the market leader, Denmark, and shows how each adopted the cooperative organizational form, and highlights that an important difference was institutional: specifically, regarding the enforcement of vertically binding contracts. We argue that this failure, combined with a strong proprietary sector which was opposed to cooperation, reinforced the already difficult conditions for dairying in Ireland due to poor social capital.