Can Small Incentives Have Large Effects? The Impact of Taxes versus Bonuses on Disposable Bag Use
研究比较了0.05美元税收与0.05美元奖金对减少一次性塑料袋使用的效果，发现税收使使用率下降超40个百分点，而奖金几乎无效，符合损失厌恶理论。
This paper examines a simple element of financial incentive—design whether the incentive takes the form of a fee for bad behavior or a reward for good behavior—to determine if the framing of the incentive influences the policy’s effectiveness. I investigate the effect of two similar policies aimed at reducing disposable bag use: a $0.05 tax $0.05 bonus for reusable bag use. While the tax decreased disposable bag use by over 40 percentage points, the bonus generated virtually no effect on behavior. These results are consistent with a model of loss aversion.