Health Selection and the Effect of Smoking on Mortality
研究发现，不吸烟时健康状况较差的人更可能开始吸烟且吸得更多，这种健康选择效应在过去50年随吸烟健康知识的普及而增强；吸烟对死亡率的影响在高学历和原本健康的人群中更大。
Abstract We show that individuals who are in poorer health, independently from smoking, are more likely to start smoking and to smoke more cigarettes than those with better non‐smoking‐related health. We present evidence of selection, relying on extensive data on morbidity and mortality. We show that health‐based selection into smoking has increased over the last 50 years with knowledge of its health effects. We show that the effect of smoking on mortality is greater for more highly educated individuals and for individuals in good non‐smoking‐related health.