Women and Power: Unpopular, Unwilling, or Held Back?
利用西班牙《平等法》强制实施的女性候选人配额，通过三重差分法分析政党领导人与选民之间的代理问题，发现配额改善了受影响的政党的选举表现，表明代理问题阻碍了女性在政治机构中的代表性。
We use Spain’s Equality Law to test for the existence of agency problems \nbetween party leaders and their constituents. The law mandates a \n40 percent female quota on electoral lists in towns with populations \nabove 5,000. Using pre- and postquota data by party and municipality, \nwe implement a triple-difference design. We find that female quotas \nresulted in slightly better electoral results for the parties that were most \naffected by the quota. Our evidence shows that party leaders were not \nmaximizing electoral results prior to the quota, suggesting the existence \nof agency problems that hinder female representation in political institutions