The Joint Determination of Union Status and Union Wage Effects: Some Tests of Alternative Models
比较了截面与纵向估计量在工会工资差异上的表现，发现结果矛盾，并通过分析估计量差异来解读工会状态的决定过程，支持比Freeman和Lewis更乐观的结论。
The problems of estimation and interpretation of union wage differentials are examined. The properties of cross-section and longitudinal estimators are compared. Estimates are presented and those in the literature summarized. Conflicting results are obtained. Longitudinal estimators typically produce results smaller than those of ordinary least squares, while cross-section methods raise the estimate. The paper offers a reconciliation of these results. It supports a more optimistic conclusion than that reached in reviews by Richard B. Freeman and H. Gregg Lewis, who argued that little has been learned from attempts to deal with the endogeneity issue. Comparisons between estimators are used to throw light on the process governing union status and to suggest interpretations of "union differentials" consistent with the current evidence. Copyright 1989 by University of Chicago Press.