Reaffirming the CEO effect is significant and much larger than chance: A comment on F itza (2014)
反驳了Fitza关于CEO效应主要源于随机性的观点，通过复制其研究并指出方法论问题，使用多层模型分析表明CEO效应显著且大于随机性。
A recent study by Fitza argued that the prior estimates of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) effect are conflated with events outside the CEO's control, are largely the result of random chance, and that the true CEO effect is smaller than has been previously estimated. We suggest that the empirical methodology employed by Fitza to support these claims substantially overstates the “random chance” element of the CEO effect. We replicate Fitza's findings, highlight methodological issues, offer alternative conclusions, and using multilevel modeling (MLM), suggest that his analyses mischaracterize the CEO effect . Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.