Intrahousehold Resource Allocation, Child Labor, and School Enrollment―Evidence from Rural India―
利用印度安得拉邦农村的详细时间使用数据，研究家庭内部资源配置如何影响童工和入学率，发现母亲外出劳动和信贷约束会加重女孩的家务负担，且信贷约束显著减少儿童的学习和休闲时间。
This paper empirically analyzes the determinants of child labor and school enrollment in rural Andhra Pradesh, India, where a high prevalence of child labor poses serious problems. For this analysis, we collected detailed time-use data, information to judge whether the household is under a binding credit constraint, and information on extra-household linkages covering pre-marital and parental generation. The last information provides us exogenous sources of variation in bargaining powers within a household. We derive empirical models from a theoretical framework of intrahousehold resource allocation and apply them to this dataset. The results based on a reduced-form approach show that the incidence of child labor or school enrollment is affected by the child’s age and sex, the household size, land assets, social classes, and grandparental characteristics. We then estimate more structural models in order to investigate the effect of maternal labor and credit constraints on intrahousehold inequality of labor allocation, paying due consideration to the fact that both maternal labor and credit constraints are endogenous. The results based on a conditional labor supply approach show that when a mother works outside, her domestic labor is more likely to be replaced by daughters than by sons, but the sex contrast in market work by children is not affected much, resulting in a higher work burden on daughters. The estimation results based on an endogenous switching model show that access to credit is a major determinant of the child’s time use: children of credit-constrained households spend less hours in school and for leisure but spend more hours working in the house. The regression results from all empirical models support collective household models against unitary models.