Snow removal auctions in Montreal: costs, informational rents, and procurement management
利用蒙特利尔1990-1998年457份除雪合同投标数据，估计成本分布和信息租金，发现投标和成本下降而租金稳定，城市通过规模经济和创新维持竞争并调整保留价。
Abstract. Using semi‐parametric and non‐parametric estimation techniques, we infer cost distributions and informational rents from 457 bids for snow removal contracts offered for tender by the City of Montreal between 1990 and 1998. Bids and costs have decreased over the sample period, while rents remained relatively constant. The City deserves credit for these results, as it has succeeded in exploiting economies of scale and triggering innovations while maintaining competition. Further, it has been successful in adjusting its reserve prices to keep up with the decreasing cost of snow removal.