Prenatal Testosterone and the Earnings of Men and Women
利用双胞胎作为自然实验，研究产前睾酮暴露对劳动力市场收入的影响，发现对男性收入有正向作用，对女性则无提升甚至可能略有下降。
Testosterone, which induces sexual differentiation of the male fetus, is believed to transfer from males to their littermates in placental mammals. Among humans, individuals with a male twin have been found to exhibit greater masculinization of sexually dimorphic attributes relative to those with a female twin. We therefore regard twinning as a plausible natural experiment to test the link between prenatal exposure to testosterone and labor market earnings. For men, the results suggest positive returns to testosterone exposure. For women, however, the results indicate that prenatal testosterone does not generate higher earnings and may even be associated with modest declines.