Rigidities through flexibility: flexible labour and the rise of management bureaucracies
研究发现，雇佣大量灵活工人的组织拥有更高比例的管理人员，表明劳动力市场灵活性损害信任与忠诚，导致管理官僚化，进而可能抑制创新与生产率增长。
Judging from organisation-level survey data, we find that organisations employing high shares of flexible workers have higher shares of managers in their personnel. This is in line with earlier findings that Anglo-Saxon countries with deregulated labour markets have thicker management bureaucracies than countries with more regulated labour markets of the ‘Rhineland’ style. We argue that flexibility in labour markets (i.e. easier firing and higher labour turnover) damages trust, loyalty and commitment. This requires more management and control . Related research suggests that easy hire and fire is at the cost of organisational learning, knowledge accumulation and knowledge sharing, thus damaging innovation and labour productivity growth.