Clans and Ploughs: Traditional Institutions and Production Decisions of Kazakhs under Russian Colonial Settlement
利用俄罗斯殖民远征资料和氏族谱系数据，研究19世纪末哈萨克草原上氏族制度如何影响游牧向定居农业的转型，发现氏族身份显著影响转场时长、生产组织和新农具的采用。
This article investigates how, with increasing land pressure during Russian settlement in Kazakh steppes in the late nineteenth century, clan institutions affected the transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled agriculture. Using a novel dataset constructed from Russian colonial expedition materials matched with clan genealogies, we find that, controlling for geographic factors, clan identity strongly influenced the duration of transhumance period, the organization of production, and the acquisition of new agricultural tools. Information transmission within clans, external economies of scale in nomadic pastoralism, and clan-specific values and norms underlie the results.