Level of religiosity in residential neighborhoods: residents' perceptions versus reality
该研究整合调查数据、行政数据和地理信息系统技术，以以色列犹太人口为例，检验居民对社区宗教构成变化的感知是否准确，发现极端宗教群体（极端正统派和非宗教人士）对变化的感知最敏锐。
This paper aims to develop and test a valid and reliable methodology to explore residents' attitudes toward religious composition of their neighborhood, by integrating traditionally used survey data with administrative data, and collaborative Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The main research question is whether residents perceive changes in the religious composition of their neighborhood in relation to their personal religiosity. Focusing on the Jewish population, we compared residents' subjective assessment of changes in the religious composition of their neighborhood, obtained from Israel's 2009 Social Survey, with actual changes in the percentage of residents with differing degrees of religiosity. Using a specifically designed methodology, we found that the two groups on the extreme ends of the religious spectrum (ultraorthodox and nonreligious) are the keenest observers of changes in the religious composition within their neighborhoods. Subjective perception of the dynamics of neighborhood religious composition was found to be systematically associated with neighborhood satisfaction, individual traits, dwelling, and neighborhood characteristics. Using spatially dependent analysis, we also examined mutual relationships between the religious composition, both actual and perceived, of census tracts, based on distances between those geographic areas.