Can Innovation Be Lean?
研究了在高度新颖和复杂的环境中（如产品开发、研究、信息技术项目）如何实施精益管理，以洛克希德·马丁公司F-22战斗机的精益实践为例，为管理者提供了在不损害创新的前提下实现精益的路径。
Every executive has heard about the importance of Lean as a means of eliminating waste and “fat.” However, when operations are novel and complex–as in product development, research, information technology, and many other kinds of projects–cutting out the “fat” turns out to be much more challenging. To understand Lean in an environment characterized by extreme novelty and complexity, we drew on our experiences with a number of processes, and in particular Lockheed Martin's Lean implementation for the F-22 fighter aircraft. Our findings lead to a path that executives and managers can follow to become Lean without compromising innovation.