International Data on Measuring Management Practices
比较了开放式问题（如世界管理调查）和封闭式问题（如MOPS）在调查企业管理实践中的优缺点，发现开放式问题回答质量更高但成本也更高。
We examine methods used to survey firms on their management and organizational practices. We contrast the strengths and weaknesses of “open ended questions” (like the World Management Survey) with “closed questions” (like the MOPS). For this type of data, open ended questions give higher quality responses, but are more costly than closed question-based surveys.