AGGLOMERATION EFFECTS IN COLOMBIA
估计了哥伦比亚城市人口对工资的弹性约为5%，发现市场准入对工资有负效应，且非正规部门的集聚效应更强，这解释了人力资本外部性弱、城市与技能互补性缺失等发现。
ABSTRACT I estimate an elasticity of wages with respect to city population of about 5 percent for Colombian cities. This finding is robust to a number of econometric concerns. The second main finding is a negative effect of market access on wages. Third main finding regards stronger agglomeration effects in the informal sector. In turn, this explains a range of other negative findings, including only weak evidence in favor of human capital externalities, no evidence of a complementarity between cities and skills, and an absence of learning effects. I do not find measurable effects of roads or amenities on wages either.