Florence Nightingale, William Farr and Competing Risks
本文展示了南丁格尔和法尔在医院流行病学合作中已意识到竞争风险的概念，并在1860年国际统计大会上提出了比当今许多竞争风险分析更完整的医院死亡率报告形式。
Summary Competing risks consider time to first event and type of first event. This subdiscipline of survival analysis is challenging in that multiple hazards determine the outcome probabilities. The paper demonstrates that Nightingale and Farr were aware of these connections in their co-operative work in hospital epidemiology. At the fourth International Statistical Congress (in London, 1860), they suggested forms for reporting hospital mortality that were conceptually more complete than many reported competing risks analyses today.