DIRECTED SEARCH WITH PHANTOM VACANCIES
研究了招聘广告在职位已满后仍存在（幽灵空缺）对求职者搜索行为的影响，发现求职者过度申请较新的职位，导致效率损失，但规划者难以显著改善。
Abstract When vacancies are filled, the job ads often remain, creating phantom vacancies. Older listings more likely represent phantoms. We assume job seekers direct their search based on listing age. Forming a match with an age‐ a vacancy creates an age‐ a phantom with probability β and generates an externality affecting vacancies aged a and older. Thus, the externality decreases with the match's listing age. Relative to efficient behavior, job seekers overapply to younger listings. We calibrate using U.S. data. The contribution of phantoms to inefficiency is large, but, given their existence, the planner cannot improve much on the directed search allocation.